Objectives: The purpose was to investigate the effect of casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate fluoride (CPP-ACPF) paste, Remin Pro paste, and 0. 05% sodium fluoride (NaF) mouthwash on teeth discoloration after home bleaching. Materials and Methods: In this in-vitro study, 48 intact and unstained human incisors were divided into four groups (n=12): control (Group 1), CPP-ACPF paste (Group 2), Remin Pro paste (Group 3), and 0. 05% NaF mouthwash (Group 4). The specimens were bleached using 20% carbamide peroxide gel for 21 days and were subjected to pH cycling and surface treatment with remineralizing agents for one month. The color of the specimens was determined according to the CIELAB color space at baseline, after bleaching, and after surface treatment. Data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), post-hoc least significant difference (LSD) test, and one-sample t-test (P=0. 05). Results: ANOVA showed a significant difference in the mean Δ E of the four groups after surface treatment (P<0. 05). Post-hoc LSD test showed a significant difference between the mean Δ E of the control group and those of the treatment groups (P<0. 05) with no significant difference between the treatment groups, except for Remin Pro. The mean Δ E and Δ L of the Remin Pro group showed less change than those of the CPP-ACPF and NaF groups, indicating that Remin Pro has the lowest potential for post-bleaching TOOTH discoloration. Conclusion: CPP-ACPF paste, Remin Pro paste, and 0. 05% NaF mouthwash cause noticeable teeth discoloration immediately after bleaching. Remin Pro has less effect on TOOTH color than the other two products.

Objectives: To compare the effectiveness of fluoride varnish and two calcium-based fluoride products on the REMINERALIZATION of primary teeth enamel. Materials and Methods: Surface-microhardness (SMH) of 36 extracted anterior primary teeth was measured by Vickers test (50gr/5 seconds) to provide a baseline for later comparisons. All teeth were immersed in demineralizing solution for 96 hours to create caries-like lesions and SMH was determined for the artificially-induced caries. The teeth were randomly assigned to three groups consisting of 5% fluoride varnish once daily/10 seconds, Clinpro™ 5000 TOOTHpaste once daily/2 minutes, and Remin Pro cream once daily/3 minutes for 28 days. All specimens were kept in artificial saliva with pH cycling during the study period. After REMINERALIZATION, SMH was evaluated for the last time. Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA, Mauchly's sphericity, and RM-ANOVA with Bonferroni correction for inter-and-intra-group comparisons at the three stages of the study. Results: Neither the baseline SMH nor the SMH of the artificially created caries showed significant differences among the samples (P>0. 05). The post-treatment SMH was highest in the Clinpro group (296. 4±73. 1kgf/mm2), followed by Remin Pro (283. 8±119. 3kgf/mm2), and varnish (270. 9±78. 3 kgf/mm2). There was no significant difference among the groups after treatment (P>0. 05). We also did not observe a significant difference among the three different study stages (P>0. 05). Conclusion: Within the limitations of this in-vitro study, daily application of low fluoride-calcium compound seems to be as effective as the professional use of fluoride varnish or high-content fluoride TOOTHpaste in remineralizing initial caries of primary teeth.

Statement of the Problem: Dental caries are among the most common oral and dental diseases affecting adults and children. To prevent caries, either the factors that cause caries should be reduced or the host resistance should be increased. Several compounds, such as bioglass, chitosan, and silver diamine fluoride (SDF), can enhance enamel REMINERALIZATION. Purpose: This study was conducted to investigate the effects of chitosan, bioglass, chitosan-bioglass, and SDF compounds on remineralizing primary enamel lesions. Materials and Method: In this in vitro study, seventy-two primary canine teeth were collected. The teeth were exposed to a demineralization solution for 72 hours to create primary caries lesions. The primary Vickers microhardness test (VMT) was conducted to measure the initial values. The samples were randomly divided into six groups (n=12): Group 1: bioglass-chitosan solution; Group 2: chitosan; Group 3: bioglass solution; Group 4: SDF; Group 5: REMINERALIZATION solution; Group 6: distilled water. The solutions of Groups 1, 2, and 3 were applied to the samples for 7 days, while the SDF solution was applied only once. The samples were immersed in an artificial saliva solution, which was refreshed daily. After the treatment, the final Vickers microhardness test (VMT) values were recorded. The data were analyzed statistically using a two-way ANOVA and Tukey's test (p< 0.05). Results: The results indicated a statistically significant effect of remineralizing compounds on both pre-treatment and post-treatment microhardness (p< 0.0001). However, no significant difference in microhardness was observed between the groups studied (p= 0.225). Conclusion: All the compounds utilized in this study demonstrated a significant remineralizing effect on enamel lesions caused by primary caries in primary teeth. The chitosan-bioglass and bioglass groups exhibited the highest levels of REMINERALIZATION, respectively. However, the comparison between the groups yielded insignificant results due to the dispersion of the samples. Therefore, further studies with larger sample sizes are recommended.

Statement of the Problem: The progression of incipient carious lesions may be simply prevented by non-invasive REMINERALIZATION of lesions, eliminating the need for invasive and high-cost restorative procedures. Purpose: This study aimed to assess the effect of two commonly used remineralizing agents and resin infiltration on surface micro hardness of incipient enamel lesions at different time points. Materials and Method: In this in vitro study, 45 intact human maxillary central incisors were selected. After disinfection, enamel samples measuring 5x5x2. 5 mm were cut out of the labial surface of the teeth. The surface of samples was polished and they were mounted in auto-polymerizing acrylic resin. According to Amaechi’ s method, samples were immersed in acidified hydroxyethylcellulose system (pH= 4. 5) for 96 hours to induce white spot lesions (WSLs). The baseline value of surface micro hardness of samples was measured using a Vickers hardness tester, then the samples were randomly divided into three groups (n=15) based on different REMINERALIZATION methods: MI-Paste Plus, Remin Pro and ICON-Infiltrant according to the manufacturer’ s instructions. All samples were stored in anti-dry mouth treatment agent during the experiment and their surface hardness was measured at 15 days (T1) and 20 weeks (T2). Results: The hardness of samples in MI-Paste Plus and Remin Pro groups significantly increased at both T1 and T2 (p< 0. 001) but this increase was not significant in ICON group (p> 0. 05). Conclusion: MI-Paste Plus and Remin Pro can efficiently increase the hardness of incipient enamel lesions.

Objectives Bleaching agents can change the organic and mineral contents of the TOOTH structure. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of two remineralizing agents on surface roughness of bleached enamel. Methods In this experimental study, 24 premolars were collected. The testing area was a window measuring 3 × 4 mm. First the surface roughness of specimens was measured by atomic force microscopy (AFM). Then, the teeth were bleached. Surface roughness was measured again. Specimens were randomly divided into 3 groups. No remineralizing agent was applied in the control group (A). Casein phosphopeptide amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP) and Remin-Pro were used in groups B and C, respectively. After 15 days, the surface roughness was measured. The changes in surface roughness were analyzed by paired t-test, and comparison between the groups was done by the Welch and Games-Howell post hoc tests. Results The surface roughness increased after bleaching (P<0. 000). Surface roughness in groups B (P=0. 03) and C (P=0. 04) was significantly lower than that in group A. There was no significant difference in the level of surface roughness reduction between groups B and C. The Welch test revealed that the mean change in surface roughness values after REMINERALIZATION in groups B and C was significantly higher than that in group A (P=0. 001 and P=0. 002, respectively). The difference between groups B and C was not significant (P=0. 97). Conclusion CPP-ACP and Remin-Pro reduce the surface roughness of bleached enamel more effectively than the saliva.